Including as many health and social services as possible at a single site has been shown to improve both adherence and treatment outcomes for injecting drug users (IDUs).

Drug users are often unwilling to come forward for treatment and care. Services need to be located somewhere accessible to IDUs and within the HIV clinic setting.

Comprehensive, multi-disciplinary services should include:

• Access to ARVs
• Access to substitution therapy: methadone or buprenorphine
• Opportunistic infection prophylaxis and treatment.
• Accessible, non-judgemental healthcare team.
• Needle exchange.
• Adherence support and counselling.
• Strong links with community based programmes.
• Food programmes and public transport.
• Outreach.