For each question you can tick more than one answer.Please tick\/check all that you think apply.<\/p>\n
1. Community advocates should be involved in research because…<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0It can help with grant applications.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0Advocates need jobs too.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Advocates can help design a study today that will still be providing good treatment in a year’s time.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 Advocates can independently represent patient interests if a study isn\u2019t running well.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0If advocates understand the research they can give independent information about the risks and benefits to individual patients who may want to join the study.<\/p>\n 2. Why is research important for advocates?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 Because if designed well, it can provide reliable information about how effective and\/or harmful a treatment or drug may be.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 Because it will help a company sell more drugs.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 Because it can prove that a new treatment may be better than an older treatment.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 Because without evidence, you can only guess at whether something works.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 Because without evidence people are vulnerable to false claims about miracle drugs.<\/p>\n 3. Which of these statements about different trials in drug development are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 Phase IV studies are run to get a drug approved.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 Phase II studies are run before Phase I studies.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 Phase I studies are run in animals.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 Phase III studies are the main large studies that a company runs to get a new drug approved.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 Phase II studies look at different doses of a drug to try to find the best one.<\/p>\n 4. Which of these statements about a trial hypothesis are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0\u00a0Every trial needs to start with a question, which is called a \u2018hypothesis\u2019.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0The hypothesis is a question that a study is designed to either prove or disprove.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0The hypothesis has to be true from the start of the study.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0A hypothesis has to say that one thing is better than another.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0Some trials do not need a hypothesis.<\/p>\n 5. Which of these statements about a trial design are true? <\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0A primary endpoint of a study is always seen in the group that does the best.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0A primary endpoint is decided before the study starts.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0A secondary endpoint is only used for\u00a0studies in older children.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 A primary endpoint decides what level of evidence or results will be acceptable to prove or disprove the study question.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0Secondary endpoints can look at a wide range of important things like side-effects and quality of life.<\/p>\n 6. Which of these statements about studies are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 A prospective study looks backwards in time to see what happened in the past.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 A new drug is tested in an interventional study.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 A retrospective study look backwards in time.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 A cross-sectional study looks at something happening at one point in time.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 A longitudinal study looks at how tall people are.<\/p>\n <\/strong>7. Which of the following statements <\/strong>describe a study that randomises<\/p>\n A \u00a0 A prospective, observational study.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0A prospective, interventional study.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0A retrospective, cross-sectional study.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0A prospective, longitudinal study.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0A cross-sectional, longitudinal study.<\/p>\n 8. Which of the following describes a cross-sectional, retrospective study?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0A study that give people a new drug to see if it has less side effects.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0A study that decides to see how many people have lipodystrophy at their next clinic appointment.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0A study that looks at hospital records to see how many patients are current smokers.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0A study that looks at hospital records to see how many patients had a heart attack last year.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0A study to see whether combination therapy with 4 drugs in young children was better than starting with three drugs.<\/p>\n 9. Which of the following statements <\/strong>about randomisation are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 Randomisation helps make sure that people who are more ill stand a better chance of getting a new active drug.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0Randomisation will help make sure that each arm has the same proportion of women, with similar ages and CD4 counts.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Randomisation will help make sure that equal proportion of Gemini, Aries, and Librans are in each arm.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0Randomisation is likely to be effective if people are chosen by tossing a coin.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0Randomisation is likely to be effective if people are chosen by the day that they visit the clinic.<\/p>\n 10. Which of the following statements about terms used in trials are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0A placebo is a drug that works well but has no taste.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0A placebo has no active drug and is used to compare results to an investigational drug.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Blinding makes sure that a patient knows which drug they get.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0Double-blinding means that neither the doctor nor patients know which arm they are in.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0A control group is the name for study arm that is used to compare the results of a new intervention.<\/p>\n 11. Which statements about these different types of trial are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0\u00a0A cohort study is usually an observational study that follows a group of people over time.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0A cohort study is the best way to see if a new drug works.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Prospective, randomised, placebo- controlled, studies are the \u2018gold- standard\u2019 for getting the most reliable evidence about an intervention.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 A cross-sectional study can give you a quick answer to whether a new side effect is being seen in a clinic.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0A meta-analysis compares results from different studies.<\/p>\n 12. Which of the following five terms relates to each of the longer descriptions below?<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 The final summary results – what was learned and how it can affect care.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 The strengths and weaknesses of the study: cautions about interpretation, what could have been done better, and the implications for clinical practice, treatment guidelines or for further research.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 What exactly was studied and how it was performed.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 What is already known about this area of research and why the study is being run.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 What was seen or demonstrated.<\/p>\n 1<\/strong>3. Which of these statements about <\/strong>informed consent are true<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0The \u2018main\u2019 reason for informed consent is to protect a researcher from legal claims in the future.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0The \u2018main\u2019 reason for informed\u00a0consent is to make sure patients understand the potential risks and benefits of a study before they agree to take part.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Informed consent should be written in\u00a0simple language and carefully explain any technical terms.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0Informed consent should be in a language that a patient understands.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0Even after someone has signed an informed consent form, they can with draw from the study at any time.<\/p>\n 14. Advocates can be involved in the following roles…<\/strong><\/p>\n A \u00a0 \u00a0Following study recruitment and seeing early results with investigators.<\/p>\n B \u00a0 \u00a0Suggesting additional analysis of study results.<\/p>\n C \u00a0 \u00a0Being an independent advisor for whether a trial is appropriate for an individual participant.<\/p>\n D \u00a0 \u00a0Helping design the study.<\/p>\n E \u00a0 \u00a0Highlighting poor or inappropriate research.<\/p>\n Question 1: C, D, E<\/p>\n Question 2: A, C, D, E<\/p>\n Question 3: D, E<\/p>\n Question 4: A, B<\/p>\n Question 5: B, D, E<\/p>\n Question 6: B, C, D<\/p>\n Question 7: B, D<\/p>\n Question 8: D, E<\/p>\n Question 9: B, C, D<\/p>\n Question 10: B, D, E<\/p>\n Question 11: A, C, D, E<\/p>\n Question 12: 1-E, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D, 5-A<\/p>\n Question 13: B, C, D, E<\/p>\n Question 14: A, B, C, D,<\/p>\n If you have questions about the answers, please email:<\/p>\n\n
Answers<\/strong><\/h2>\n