Approximately 350 references were used in preparing the information in the i-Base guide HIV and your Quality of Life: Side effects and other complications.
Whenever possible, we used publications that recent but that are also accessible free as open access online. Where this was not possible, we include links to the study abstract. Many publications provide free access to full text articles after 1–2 years of the publication date.
This is not a comprehensive list of sources and it will be updated as new studies are published. Some references have short notes on the specific reason we have included them. Many of these articles include 20-40 references of their own. These are a good pointer for further information.
General
British HIV Association guidelines: Treatment of HIV-1 positive adults with antiretroviral therapy (2012)
http://www.bhiva.org/TreatmentofHIV1_2012.aspx
EACS guidelines on non-infectious co-morbidities in HIV. Version 6.0, 2011.
http://www.europeanaidsclinicalsociety.org/guidelines.asp
Hopkins HIV Guide (online management guide, requires one-time free registration).
http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/
British HIV Association guidelines for the routine investigation and monitoring of adult HIV-1-infected individuals. (2011)
http://www.bhiva.org/Monitoring.aspx
US guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. (March 2012)
http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/
Quality of life
Briongos Figuero LS et al. Assessment of factors influencing health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. HIV Medicine, electronic publication ahead of print. Article first published online: 28 JUN 2010, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00844.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00844.x/full
Life expectancy
The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. The Lancet, Volume 372:293-299., 26 July 2008
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673608611137/abstract
Lohse N et al. Survival of Persons with and without HIV Infection in Denmark, 1995-2005. Annals 2007 146: I-39.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/146/2/87
Hill A et al. A normal life expectancy, despite HIV infection? AIDS: 19 June 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 10 – p 1583-1584 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833ac7d4.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Citation/2010/06190/A_normal_life_expectancy,_despite_HIV_infection_.21.aspx
Reporting side effects
MHRA: What is the Yellow Card Scheme?
http://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/the-yellow-card-scheme/
Side effects and adherence
Ammassari A et al. Self-Reported Symptoms and Medication Side Effects Influence Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Persons With HIV Infection. JAIDS: 15 December 2001 – Volume 28 – Issue 5 – pp 445-449.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2001/12150/Self_Reported_Symptoms_and_Medication_Side_Effects.6.aspx
Duran S et al. Failure to maintain long-term adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: the role of lipodystrophy. AIDS: 7 December 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 18 – pp 2441-2444.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/12070/Failure_to_maintain_long_term_adherence_to_highly.12.aspx
Gender and racial differences
Kempf M-C et al. Gender Differences in Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens. JAIDS: November 2009 – Volume 52 – Issue 3 – pp 336-341, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b628be.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2009/11010/Gender_Differences_in_Discontinuation_of.6.aspx
Tedaldi E et al. Ethnicity race and gender: differences in serious adverse events among participants in an antiretroviral initiation trial: results of CPCRA 058 (FIRST Study). JAIDS: 1 April 2008 – Volume 47 – Issue 4 – pp 441-448, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181609da8.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2008/04010/Ethnicity,_Race,_and_Gender__Differences_in.5.aspx
Barber T et al. Outcomes of first line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among men and women in the UK CHIC study. 12th European AIDS Conference (EACS), 11-14 November 2009, Cologne. Abstract PE10.4/1.
http://www.abstractserver.com/eacsabstractarchive/absabstract.php?abid=3386
Koegl C et al. No subjective or objective gender differences in ART-naïve patients initiating a lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen. 48 week data from the German STAR and STELLA cohorts. 12th European AIDS Conference (EACS), 11-14 November 2009, Cologne. Abstract PE 7.9/19.
http://www.abstractserver.com/eacsabstractarchive/absabstract.php?abid=3479
Johnson M et al. Gender based differences in antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors: results from the CASTLE study through 96 weeks. 12th European AIDS Conference (EACS), 11-14 November 2009, Cologne. Abstract PE7.3/8.
http://www.abstractserver.com/eacsabstractarchive/absabstract.php?abid=3553
Squires K et al. Rates and predictors of adherence in treatment experienced women and men in GRACE (Gender, Race And Clinical Experience). 12th European AIDS Conference (EACS), 11-14 November 2009, Cologne. Abstract PE10.1/2.
http://www.abstractserver.com/eacsabstractarchive/absabstract.php?abid=3553
TDM and drug levels
Lab 21: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
http://www.lab21.com/ClinicalLab/Services/HealthcareProfessionals/DRUGMANAGEMENT/HIVTherapeuticDrugMonitoring.aspx
Back D, Khoo S. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of HIV infection. (2008)
http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/3242/khoo.pdf (PDF)
Boffito M et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions involving antiretroviral drugs. Special article – Part 2. Antiviral Therapy10:469-477.
http://www.intmedpress.com/serveFile.cfm?sUID=bdadf9f9-b817-463d-a855-2f9e7be65e6a
Best BM et al. A randomized controlled trial of therapeutic drug monitoring in treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected patients. JAIDS: 1 December 2007 – Volume 46 – Issue 4 – pp 433-442. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318156f029.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2007/12010/A_Randomized_Controlled_Trial_of_Therapeutic_Drug.9.aspx
Fabbiani M et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of antiretroviral drugs and correlation with virological outcome: 2 years of experience in routine clinical practice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jul;64(1):109-17. Epub 2009 Apr 27.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398461
La Porte CJM et al. Updated guideline to perform therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretroviral agents. Rev Antiviral Ther 2006; 3: 3-14.
Ray JE et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of atazanavir: surveillance of pharmacotherapy in the clinic. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Volume 60, Issue 3, pages 291-299, September 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02413.x.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652125.2005.02413.x/abstract
Ståhle L et al. Efavirenz plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients: inter- and intraindividual variability and clinical effects. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: June 2004 – Volume 26 – Issue 3 – pp 267-270.
http://journals.lww.com/drug-monitoring/Abstract/2004/06000/Efavirenz_Plasma_Concentrations_in_HIV_Infected.8.aspx
Saitoh A et al. Efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV-1-infected children are associated with CYP2B6-G516T polymorphism. JAIDS: 2007 Jul 1;45(3):280-5.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2007/07010/Efavirenz_Pharmacokinetics_in_HIV_1_Infected.5.aspx
Genetics, drug levels and side effects
Cianfriglia M et al. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors are substrates for the multidrug transporter MDR1-P-glycoprotein. Retrovirology 2007, 4:17doi:10.1186/1742-4690-4-17.
http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/17
Evans WE et al. Drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:538-549. February 6, 2003.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra020526
Novoa SR et al. G516T polymorphism at the CYP2B6 isoenzyme significantly influences efavirenz plasma levels and the risk of neurological symptoms. 12th CROI, 22–25 February 2005, Boston. Poster abstract 652.
http://www.retroconference.org/2005/cd/Abstracts/24854.htm
Vitezica ZG et al. HLA-DRB1*01 associated with cutaneous hypersensitivity induced by nevirapine and efavirenz. AIDS: 19 February 2008 – Volume 22 – Issue 4 – p 540-541. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f37812. Research Letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2008/02190/HLA_DRB1_01_associated_with_cutaneous.15.aspx
Switching treatment for side effects
Switch nevirapine to efavirenz after rash: “People with nevirapine rash have a 10% risk of rash if they switch to efavirenz.”
Manosuthi W et al. Incidence and risk factors of rash associated with efavirenz in HIV-infected patients with preceding nevirapine-associated rash. HIV Medicine. Volume 7, Issue 6, pages 378-382, September 2006.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00396.x/full
Efavirenz to nevirapine
Ward DJ et al. Switch from efavirenz to nevirapine associated with resolution of efavirenz-related neuropsychiatric adverse events and improvement in lipid profiles. AIDS Patient Care and STDs Volume: 20 Issue 8: August 7, 2006.
http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/apc.2006.20.542
Winston A et al. Dose escalation or immediate full dose when switching from efavirenz to nevirapine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected individuals? AIDS: 20 February 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 3 – pp 572-574. Research letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2004/02200/Dose_escalation_or_immediate_full_dose_when.29.aspx
Mehta U et al. Is it safe to switch between efavirenz and nevirapine in the event of toxicity? The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 7, Issue 11, Pages 733 – 738, November 2007. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70262-1.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2807%2970262-1/fulltext?_eventId=login
PI to nevirapine
Cooper CL. Evaluation of nevirapine-switch strategies for HIV treatment. HIV Medicine, Volume 7, Issue 8, pages 537-543, November 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00418.x.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00418.x/full
3TC to FTC
Rosario Palacios R et al. Minor emtricitabine intolerance in treatment-stable patients switched from tenofovir/lamivudine to a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm489.
http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/dkm489v1
Pollock K et al. Emtricitabine intolerance in treatment-experienced patients switched from lamivudine: a method of assessing toxicity. J Antimicrob Chemother (2006) 58:227-8.
http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/58/1/227?ijkey=7b6f8df8c83bdd5781b49b2c50d3335e0d3938a3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Villar del Sax S et al. Tolerability of emtricitabine (FTC) in HIV infected subjects who switch from lamivudine (3TC) to FTC. IAS 2007, Sydney, Poster MOPEB012.
http://www.ias2007.org/PAG/Abstracts.aspx?AID=3484
Diarrhoea and wasting
Carroccio A et al. Efficacy of oral pancreatic enzyme therapy for the treatment of fat malabsorption in HIV-infected patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 15, Issue 10, pages 1619–1625, October 2001.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01070.x/abstract
Gold J et al. Effects of nandrolone decanoate compared with placebo or testosterone on HIV-associated wasting. Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 146–155, April 2006.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00358.x/abstract
Guinane S et al. The effectiveness of probiotics for managing diarrhoea in people with HIV infection: a critically appraised topic. HIV Medicine Volume 14, Issue 3, pages 187–190, March 2013. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01042.x.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01042.x/abstract
Guerrant RL et al. IDSA Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;32:331–351. 1058-4838/2001/3203-0001$03.00, DOI: 10.1086/318514.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/318514
Martin TCS et al. Pancreatic insufficiency in patients with HIV infection: role of didanosine questioned. HIV Medicine. Volume 14, Issue 3, pages 161–166, March 2013. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01047.x.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01047.x/abstract
Price DA et al. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in HIV-positive patients. HIV Medicine, Volume 6, Issue 1, pages 33–36, January 2005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2005.00263.x.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2005.00263.x/abstract
Sharma R et al. Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, oral mucositis, and diarrhoea. The Lancet Oncology, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 93 – 102, February 2005, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)01735-3.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2805%2901735-3/fulltext
Spacek LA et al. Hopkins HIV Guide: Diarrhoea.
http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/diagnosis/organ_system/gastrointestinal_hepatobiliary/diarrhea.html?&contentInstanceId=9261
ThomasPD et al. Enteric viral infections as a cause of diarrhoea in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV Medicine, Volume 1, Issue 1, pages 19–24, October 1999.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-1293.1999.00004.x/full
Nausea and vomiting
See General.
Fatigue
Jong E et al. Predictors and treatment strategies of HIV-related fatigue in the combined antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS: 19 June 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 10 – p 1387-1405. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339d004.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2010/06190/Predictors_and_treatment_strategies_of_HIV_related.1.aspx
Smith BA et al. Aerobic exercise: effects on parameters related to fatigue, dyspnea, weight and body composition in HIV-infected adults. AIDS: 13 April 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 6 – pp 693-701.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/04130/Aerobic_exercise__effects_on_parameters_related_to.4.aspx
Skin problems: rash, dry skin (mainly HIV, low CD4, OI and IDV)
Nevirapine rash
Antinori A et al. Female sex and the use of anti-allergic agents increase the risk of developing cutaneous rash associated with nevirapine therapy. AIDS: 17 August 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 12 – pp 1579-1581. Research letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/08170/Female_sex_and_the_use_of_anti_allergic_agents.18.aspx
Kiertiburanakul S et al. Risk factors for nevirapine-associated rash among HIV-infected patients with low CD4 cell counts in resource-limited settings. Current HIV Research, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2008 , pp. 65-69(5).
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/chr/2008/00000006/00000001/art00009
Montaner J et al. Randomized controlled study of the effects of a short course of prednisone on the incidence of rash associated with nevirapine in patients infected with HIV-1. JAIDS: 1 May 2003 – Volume 33 – Issue 1 – pp 41-46.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2003/05010/Randomized,_Controlled_Study_of_the_Effects_of_a.7.aspx
Ananworanich J et al. Incidence and risk factors for rash in Thai patients randomized to regimens with nevirapine, efavirenz or both drugs. AIDS: 28 January 2005 – Volume 19 – Issue 2 – p 185-192.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2005/01280/Incidence_and_risk_factors_for_rash_in_Thai.11.aspx
Soriano V et al. Is there cross-toxicity between nevirapine and efavirenz in subjects developing rash? AIDS: 28 July 2000 – Volume 14 – Issue 11 – pp 1672-1673. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2004/02010/Serious_Adverse_Cutaneous_and_Hepatic_Toxicities.3.aspx
Dry skin
Lee D et al. Prevalence and factors associated with dry skin in HIV infection: the FRAM study. AIDS 1 October 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 15 – p 2051-2057, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282eea51a.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2007/10010/Prevalence_and_factors_associated_with_dry_skin_in.7.aspx
Mental health
Basu S et al. Clinical management of depression and anxiety in HIV-infected adults. AIDS: 2 December 2005 – Volume 19 – Issue 18 – p 2057-2067. Editorial Review.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2005/12020/Clinical_management_of_depression_and_anxiety_in.1.aspx
Lampe F et al. Depression and virological status among UK HIV outpatients: results from a multicentre study. 18th BHIVA Conference, 18-20 April 2012, Birmingham. Oral abstract O10. For slides see the ASTRA study website:
http://www.astra-study.org/
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Depression in Adults (update). Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults. National Clinical Practice Guideline 90. 2009.
http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG90
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 22. 2004.
http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG22
Blumenthal JA et al. Effects of Exercise Training on Older Patients With Major Depression Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(19):2349-2356.
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/19/2349
Neidig JL et al. Aerobic Exercise Training for Depressive Symptom Management in Adults Living With HIV Infection. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care – March 2003 (Vol. 14, Issue 2, Pages 30-40, DOI: 10.1177/1055329002250992).
http://www.nursesinaidscarejournal.org/article/S1055-3290%2805%2960062-3/abstract
Lima VD et al. The effect of adherence on the association between depressive symptoms and mortality among HIV-infected individuals first initiating HAART. AIDS: 31 May 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 9 – p 1175-1183 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32811ebf57.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/05310/The_effect_of_adherence_on_the_association_between.11.aspx
Sexual health
Fakoya A et al. British HIV Association, BASHH and FSRH guidelines for the management of the sexual and reproductive health of , people living with HIV infection 2008. HIV Medicine (2008); 9: 681–720. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00634.x.
http://www.bhiva.org/UKGuidelines2008.aspx
Moreno-Pérez O et al. Risk factors for sexual and erectile dysfunction in HIV-infected men: the role of protease inhibitors. AIDS: January 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 2 – p 255–264, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328334444b.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2010/01000/Risk_factors_for_sexual_and_erectile_dysfunction.11.aspx
Dukers NHTM et al. The impact of experiencing lipodystrophy on the sexual behaviour and well-being among HIV-infected homosexual men. AIDS: 13 April 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 6 – pp 812-813. Research letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/04130/The_impact_of_experiencing_lipodystrophy_on_the.25.aspx
Lamba H et al. Antiretroviral therapy is associated with sexual dysfunction and with increased serum oestradiol levels in men. Int J STD AIDS. 2004 Apr;15(4):234-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15075015
Collazos J et al. Sexual Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients Treated With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS,1 November 2002 – Volume 31 – Issue 3 – pp 322-326.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2002/11010/Sexual_Dysfunction_in_HIV_Infected_Patients.8.aspx
Asboe D et al. Sexual dysfunction in HIV-positive men is multi-factorial: a study of prevalence and associated factors. AIDS Care 2007; 19: 955-965.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a781966255
Ralph D, McNicholas T. UK management guidelines for erectile dysfunction. BMJ 2000; 321: 499-503.
http://www.bmj.com/content/321/7259/499.full
Insomnia and sleep disturbance
Lampe F et al. Depression and virological status among UK HIV outpatients: results from a multicentre study. 18th BHIVA Conference, 18-20 April 2012, Birmingham. Oral abstract O10. For slides see the ASTRA study website:
http://www.astra-study.org/
Núñez M et al. Higher efavirenz plasma levels correlate with development of insomnia. JAIDS: 1 December 2001 – Volume 28 – Issue 4 – p 399. Letter.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2001/12010/Higher_Efavirenz_Plasma_Levels_Correlate_With.15.aspx
Reid S et al. Insomnia in HIV Infection: A systematic review of prevalence, correlates, and management. Psychosomatic Medicine 67:260-269 (2005).
http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/2/260
CNS side effects: efavirenz and others
Efavirenz product information. Bristol-Myers Squibb.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000249/human_med_001068.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&jsenabled=true
Poulsen HD et al. Efavirenz-induced psychosis leading to involuntary detention. AIDS: 14 February 2003 – Volume 17 – Issue 3 – pp 451-453. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2003/02140/Efavirenz_induced_psychosis_leading_to_involuntary.26.aspx
de la Garza CLS et al. Efavirenz-induced psychosis. AIDS: 28 September 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 14 – pp 1911-1912. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2001&issue=09280&article=00033&type=fulltext
Sabato S et al. Efavirenz-induced catatonia. AIDS: 6 September 2002 – Volume 16 – Issue 13 – pp 1841-1842. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2002/09060/Efavirenz_induced_catatonia.24.aspx
Scourfield A et al. Discontinuation of Atripla as first-line therapy in HIV-1 infected individuals. Concise communication. AIDS, published ahead of print.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/publishahead/Discontinuation_of_Atripla_R__as_first_line.98950.aspx?
Treisman GJ et al. Neurologic and psychiatric complications of antiretroviral agents. AIDS: 14 June 2002 – Volume 16 – Issue 9 – pp 1201-1215, Editorial Review.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2002/06140/Neurologic_and_psychiatric_complications_of.2.aspx
Blanch J et al. Preliminary data of a prospective study on neuropsychiatric side effects after initiation of efavirenz. JAIDS: 1 August 2001 – Volume 27 – Issue 4 – pp 336-343.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2001/08010/Preliminary_Data_of_a_Prospective_Study_on.3.aspx
Boly L et al. Depressive symptoms predict increased incidence of neuropsychiatric side effects in patients treated with efavirenz. JAIDS: 1 August 2006 – Volume 42 – Issue 4 – pp 514-515, doi: 10.1097/01.qai.0000221691.61972.34. Letter to the Editor.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2006/08010/Depressive_Symptoms_Predict_Increased_Incidence_of.22.aspx
FTC (see other switching studies)
Pollock K, Stebbing J, Bower M, et al. Emtricitabine intolerance in treatment-experienced patients switched from lamivudine: a method of assessing toxicity. J Antimicrob Chemother (2006) 58:227-8.
http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/58/1/227?ijkey=7b6f8df8c83bdd5781b49b2c50d3335e0d3938a3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Peripheral neuropathy:
Abrams DI et al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurolgy 2007; 68:515-521.
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/7/515
Backonja M et al. Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2003 Jan;25(1):81-104.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637113
Breen RA et al. Increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy with co-administration of stavudine and isoniazid in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS: 31 March 2000 – Volume 14 – Issue 5 – p 615, Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2000/03310/Increased_incidence_of_peripheral_neuropathy_with.17.aspx
Childs EA et al. Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes predict HIV-associated dementia and sensory neuropathy. Neurology 1999, Feb;52(3):607-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10025796
Cherry CL et al. Antiretroviral use and other risks for HIV-associated neuropathies in an international cohort. Neurology 2006, Mar 28;66(6):867-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16567704
Cepeda JA et al. Excess peripheral neuropathy in patients treated with hydroxyurea plus didanosine and stavudine for HIV infection. AIDS:, 18 February 2000 – Volume 14 – Issue 3 – pp 332-333, Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2000/02180/Excess_peripheral_neuropathy_in_patients_treated.22.aspx
Clifford DB et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study of NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% dermal patch, for the treatment of painful HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy. JAIDS. Volume 59 – Issue 2 – p 126–133, (1 February 2012).
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2012/02010/A_Randomized,_Double_Blind,_Controlled_Study_of.5.aspx
Dorfman D et al. Treatment of painful distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV-infected patients with a topical agent: results of an open-label trial of 5% lidocaine gel. AIDS: 20 August 1999 – Volume 13 – Issue 12 – p 1589. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/1999/08200/Treatment_of_painful_distal_sensory_polyneuropathy.25.aspx
Ellis RJ et al. HIV protease inhibitors and risk of peripheral neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2008 November; 64(5): 566–572., doi: 10.1002/ana.21484.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605176/
EMA approval documents and SPC for Qutenza capsaicin patch. (May 2009).
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000909/human_med_001008.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&murl=menus/ medicines/medicines.jsp&jsenabled=true
FDA Meeting of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee. (9 February 2012)
http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/Calendar/ucm283966.htm
FDA. FDA approves new drug treatment for long-term pain relief after shingles attacks. (17 November 2009). http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm191003.htm
FDA briefing document for Qutenza capsaicin patch (186 pages – PDF download)
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/AnestheticAndLifeSupportDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM290279.pdf
Frank B et al. Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind study, BMJ 2008; 336:199. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39429.619653.80. (Published 8 January 2008),
http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7637/199.full?sid=741d4ce9-6ecf-428d-a574-e585f71740ed
Gerbi A et al. Fish Oil Supplementation Prevents Diabetes-Induced Nerve Conduction Velocity and Neuroanatomical Changes in Rats. The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 129 No. 1 January 1999, pp. 207-213.
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/129/1/207
Hahn K et al. A placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. J Neurol. 2004 Oct;251(10):1260-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15503108
Hart AM et al. Acetyl-l-carnitine: a pathogenesis based treatment for HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. AIDS: 23 July 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 11 – pp 1549-1560.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2004/07230/Acetyl_l_carnitine___a_pathogenesis_based.9.aspx
Keswani SC et al. HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. AIDS: 8 November 2002 – Volume 16 – Issue 16 – pp 2105-2117 Editorial Review.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=11080&article=00002&type=fulltext
Mason L et al. Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain. BMJ 2004; 328: 991 doi: 10.1136/bmj.38042.506748.EE (Published 19 March 2004).
http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7446/991.full
Moyle G et al. Efficacy of NGX-4010 (Qutenza), an 8% capsaicin patch, in patients with HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy: results of integrated analyses. 17th International AIDS Conference, 18–23 July 2010, Vienna. Poster abstract WEPE0070.
http://pag.aids2010.org/Abstracts.aspx?AID=7121
Phillips TJC et al. Pharmacological treatment of painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One (28 December 2010). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014433
http://clinicaltrials.ploshubs.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014433
Semitala FC et al. Does toxicity to fixed dose stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine regimen affect virologic suppression among HIV infected adults at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University? JAIDS: June 2009 – Volume 51 – Supplement 2, 11th Anniversary Annual International Meeting of the Institute of Human Virology. Abstract 257. doi: 10.1097/01.qai.0000351212.54681.a4.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2009/06012/257_Does_toxicity_to_fixed_dose_stavudine,.162.aspx
Shlay JC et al. Acupuncture and amitriptyline for pain due to HIV-related peripheral neuropathy, a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1590-1595.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/280/18/1590
Simpson DM et al. Controlled trial of high-concentration capsaicin patch for treatment of painful HIV neuropathy. Neurology 2008;70:2305-2313.
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/24/2305
Youle M et al. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl l-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection. HIV Medicine, Volume 8, Issue 4, pages 241–250, May 2007.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00467.x/full
Weintraub MI et al. Static magnetic field therapy for symptomatic diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 84, May 2003.
http://prdupl02.ynet.co.il/ForumFiles_2/25923990.pdf
Winemiller MH et al. Effect of magnetic vs sham-magnetic insoles on plantar heel pain, a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1474-1478.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/11/1474
Liver toxicity, rash and nevirapine
“Rash associated with liver toxicity is likely to be immune mediated hypersensitivty reaction with a genetic HLA associated, rash without liver toxicty is a different mechanism unlinked to CD4 count”
Martínez E et al. Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS: 6 July 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 10 – pp 1261-1268.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2001/07060/Hepatotoxicity_in_HIV_1_infected_patients.7.aspx
Stern JO et al. A comprehensive hepatic safety analysis of nevirapine in different populations of HIV infected patients. JAIDS: 2003;34(suppl 1):S21-33.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2003&issue=09011&article=00005&type=fulltext
Baylor MS et al. Hepatotoxicity Associated With Nevirapine Use. JAIDS: 15 April 2004 – Volume 35 – Issue 5 – pp 538-539. Letters to the Editor.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2004/04150/Hepatotoxicity_Associated_With_Nevirapine_Use.14.aspx
Martin AM et al. Predisposition to nevirapine hypersensitivity associated with HLA-DRB1*0101 and abrogated by low CD4 T-cell counts. AIDS: 3 January 2005 – Volume 19 – Issue 1 – p 97-99. Research Letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2005/01030/Predisposition_to_nevirapine_hypersensitivity.14.aspx
Lactic acidosis
Arenas-Pinto A et al. Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:340-343 doi:10.1136/sti.79.4.340.
http://sti.bmj.com/content/79/4/340.abstract
Moyle G et al. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy: relevance, reproducibility and possible risk factors. AIDS, 5 July 2002 – Volume 16 – Issue 10 – pp 1341-1349.http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2002/07050/Hyperlactataemia_and_lactic_acidosis_during.5.aspx
Geddes R et al. A high incidence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-induced lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients in a South African context. Southern African Medical Journal. August 2006, Vol. 96, No. 8.
http://www2.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/1205/640
Butt AA. Fatal lactic acidosis and pancreatitis associated with ribavirin and didanosine therapy, AIDS Read. 2003;13(7).
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/459373_1
Mandelbrot TL et al. Case report: nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis in the third trimester of pregnancy. AIDS, 24 January 2003 – Volume 17 – Issue 2 – pp 272-273.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2003/01240/Case_report___nucleoside_analogue_induced_lactic.23.aspx
Murphy MD et al. Fatal lactic acidosis and acute renal failure after addition of tenofovir to an antiretroviral regimen containing didanosine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1082-1085.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/368313
Osler M et al. Risk factors for and clinical characteristics of severe hyperlactataemia in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a case–control study. HIV Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 2, pages 121–129, February 2010.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00754.x/abstract
Wester CW et al. Higher-than-expected rates of lactic acidosis among HAART-treated women in Botswana: preliminary results from a large randomized clinical trial. JAIDS: 1 November 2007 – Volume 46 – Issue 3 – pp 318-322, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181568e3f.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2007/11010/Higher_Than_Expected_Rates_of_Lactic_Acidosis.10.aspx
Hepatic steatosis
Rate in HIV and d4T/ddI/hydroxyurea
Reisler RB et al. Incidence of Pancreatitis in HIV-1–Infected Individuals Enrolled in 20 Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Studies. JAIDS: 2005 June 1; 39(2): 159–166.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1373674/
Low rates with cumulative expose to RTIs
Smith CJ et al. The role of antiretroviral therapy in the incidence of pancreatitis in HIV-positive individuals in the EuroSIDA study. AIDS: 2 January 2008 – Volume 22 – Issue 1 – p 47-56, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f03094.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2008/01020/The_role_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the.6.aspx
No increased risk from HCV coinfection, perhaps because low BMI?
Monto A et al. Hepatic steatosis in HIV/hepatitis C coinfection: prevalence and significance compared with hepatitis C monoinfection. Hepatology, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2005.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20805/pdf
No increased risk from statins
Thisted H et al. Statins and the risk of acute pancreatitis: a population-based case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jan 1;23(1):185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393296
Singh S, Loke YK. Statins and pancreatitis: a systematic review of observational studies and spontaneous case reports. Drug Saf. 2006;29(12):1123-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147459
Obesity
Pancreatology. 2004;4(1):42-8. Epub 2004 Feb 24., Is obesity a risk factor in acute pancreatitis? A meta-analysis., Martínez J
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988657
Alcohol induced in SA
Anderson F et al. Acute pancreatitis: demographics, aetiological factors and outcomes in a regional hospital in South Africa. S Afr J Surg. 2008 Aug;46(3):83-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18807304
Abacavir hypersensitivity
Abacavir product information. ViiV/GSK.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000252/human_med_001179.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&jsenabled=true
Mallal S et al. HLA-B*5701 Screening for Hypersensitivity to Abacavir, NEJM Volume 358:568-579 February 7, 2008 Number 6.
http://www.contentnejmorg.zuom.info/cgi/content/abstract/358/6/568
Young B et al. First large, multicenter, open-label study utilizing HLA-B*5701 screening for abacavir hypersensitivity in North America. AIDS:, 20 August 2008 – Volume 22 – Issue 13 – p 1673-1675, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830719aa.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2008/08200/First_large,_multicenter,_open_label_study.19.aspx
Mallal S et al. Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. The Lancet, Volume 359, Issue 9308, Pages 727-732.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2802%2907873-X/fulltext
Tenofovir HSR
Lockhart SM et al. Cutaneous reactions with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a report of nine cases. AIDS. 2007 21(10):1370-1373, (June 2007).
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/06190/Cutaneous_reactions_with_tenofovir_disoproxil.21.aspx
de Perio MA et al. A Truvada hypersensitivity reaction simulating abacavir hypersensitivity. AIDS: October 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 16 – p 2252-2253 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f08b84.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/10180/A_truvada_hypersensitivity_reaction_simulating.20.aspx
Kidney toxicity including kidney stones
Mocroft A et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients, AIDS:, 17 July 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 11 – p 1667–1678, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339fe53,
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=07170&article=00007&type=abstract
Gupta SK et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America., Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40(11):1559-85.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/430257
Izzedine H et al. The nephrologist in the HAART era, AIDS:, 19 February 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 4 – p 409-421, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011ec40,
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/02190/The_nephrologist_in_the_HAART_era.3.aspx
Kidney safety associated with tenofovir
Tenofovir Product Information. Summary of Product Characteristics and Patient Information Leaflet. Gilead.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000419/human_med_001144.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&jsenabled=true
Joel E. Gallant et al. Tenofovir DF, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz vs. Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Efavirenz for HIV. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:251-260 January 19, 2006.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051871
Nelson MR et al. The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years. AIDS: June 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 10 – p 1273-1281 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280b07b33.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/06190/The_safety_of_tenofovir_disoproxil_fumarate_for.6.aspx
Karras A, Lafaurie M, Furco A, et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1070-1073
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/368314
Wever K et al. Incomplete Reversibility of Tenofovir-Related Renal Toxicity in HIV-Infected Men. JAIDS: 1 September 2010 – Volume 55 – Issue 1 – pp 78-81, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d05579.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2010/09010/Incomplete_Reversibility_of_Tenofovir_Related.10.aspx
Leport C et al. Long‐term evolution and determinants of renal function in HIV‐infected patients who began receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in 1997–1999, ANRS CO8 APROCO‐COPILOTE. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1950-4. DOI: 10.1086/648445.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19911986
Fux CA et al. Tenofovir use is associated with a reduction in calculated glomerular filtration rates in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Antivir Ther 2007; 12:1165–73.
http://www.infekt.ch/updown/documents/publ/2007/Fux_2007_Tenofovir_use_is_associated.pdf
Choi A et al. HIV-infected persons continue to lose kidney function despite successful antiretroviral therapy, AIDS. 23(16):2143-2149, October 23, 2009. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283313c91.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2009/10230/HIV_infected_persons_continue_to_lose_kidney.9.aspx
Bansi L et al on behalf of the UK CHIC/ESRF study group. Clinical epidemiology of HIV-associated end-stage renal failure in the UK AIDS. 23(18):2517-2521, 27 November 2009. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283320e12.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2009/11270/Clinical_epidemiology_of_HIV_associated_end_stage.17.aspx
Peyrière H et al. Renal Tubular Dysfunction Associated With Tenofovir Therapy: Report of 7 Cases, JAIDS: 1 March 2004 – Volume 35 – Issue 3 – pp 269-273.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2004/03010/Renal_Tubular_Dysfunction_Associated_With.7.aspx
Crixivan (indinavir sulfate). Summary of product characteristics. Merck Sharpe & Dohme; 1996.
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Koop JB et al. Crystalluria and Urinary Tract Abnormalities Associated with Indinavir, Ann Int Med. July 15, 1997 vol. 127 no. 2 119-125.
http://www.annals.org/content/127/2/119.full
Chan-Tack KM et al. Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration’s adverse event reporting system. AIDS: Volume 21(9)31 May 2007p 1215-1218.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/05310/Atazanavir_associated_nephrolithiasis__cases_from.19.aspx
Izzedine H et al. Efavirenz urolithiasis. AIDS: September 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 14 – p 1992, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282ef792f. Correspondence.
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Post F et al. Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Sep 1;55(1):49-57.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2010/09010/Randomized_Comparison_of_Renal_Effects,_Efficacy,.6.aspx
Hug et al. Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus with indinavir may cause relevant urological side-effects, effectively treatable by rehydration. BJU International. Volume 84, Issue 6, pages 610–614, October 1999.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00263.x/abstract
Increased bilirubin, jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)
Atazanavir product information, Bristol-Myers Squibb
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000494/human_med_001035.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&jsenabled=true
Atazanavir Plasma Levels Associated with Efficacy and Safety in Protease Inhibitor-experienced HIV-infected Patients. Program Abstr Conf Retrovir Oppor Infect 11th 2004 San Franc Calif. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11: abstract no. 606.
http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102271568.html
Rodríguez-Nóvoa S et al. Genetic factors influencing atazanavir plasma concentrations and the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. AIDS:, 2 January 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 1 – p 41-46, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011d7c1,
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2007/01020/Genetic_factors_influencing_atazanavir_plasma.5.aspx
T-20 side effects
T-20 product information. Roche Laboratories.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000514/human_med_000802.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124&jsenabled=true
Clotet B et al. Clinical management of treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients with the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide: consensus recommendations. AIDS: 21 May 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 8 – pp 1137-1146.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2004/05210/Clinical_management_of_treatment_experienced,.7.aspx
Lipodystophy and metabolic changes
Kotler D, Tebas P, Wohl D et al. HIV and Cardiometabolic Abnormalities: New Perspectives and Treatment Update. JAIDS September 1, 2008 – Volume 49 – Supplement 2.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/toc/2008/09012
Tien PC, Cole SR, Williams CM, et al. Incidence of lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy in the women’s interagency HIV study. JAIDS: 2003;34:461-466.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2003/12150/Incidence_of_Lipoatrophy_and_Lipohypertrophy_in.3.aspx
Brown T et al. Longitudinal anthropometric changes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men. JAIDS: 1 November 2006 – Volume 43 – Issue 3 – pp 356-362, doi: 10.1097/01.qai.0000243052.73321.8e.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2006/11010/Longitudinal_Anthropometric_Changes_in.15.aspx
Aldrovandi GM et al. Morphologic and metabolic abnormalities in vertically HIV-infected children and youth. AIDS: 27 March 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 6 – p 661-672. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283269dfb.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2009/03270/Morphologic_and_metabolic_abnormalities_in.3.aspx
Lipoatrophy is predominant feature of HIV-related lipodystrophy
Bacchetti P et al. Fat distribution in men with HIV infection. Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM). JAIDS: 2005 Oct 1;40(2):121-31.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2005/10010/Fat_Distribution_in_Men_With_HIV_Infection.2.aspx
Lichtenstein K et al. HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome (HARS): definition, epidemiology and clinical impact. AIDS Research and Therapy 2007;4:16. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-4-16.
http://www.aidsrestherapy.com/content/4/1/16
Impact of HIV and viraemia
Kotler DP et al. Studies of Body Composition and Fat Distribution in HIV-Infected and Control Subjects. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology: 1 March 1999 – Volume 20 – Issue 3 – pp 228-237.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1999&issue=03010&article=00003&type=fulltext
Role of NRTS in lipoatrophy – skin biopsy
Nolan D et al. Mitochondrial DNA depletion and morphologic changes in adipocytes associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. AIDS:, 13 June 2003 – Volume 17 – Issue 9 – pp 1329-1338.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2003&issue=06130&article=00007&type=fulltext
Nolan D. Differential effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimens on adipocyte mitochondrial DNA depletion in HIV-infected patients. 6th Lipodystrophy Workshop, Washington, 2004.
http://www.aegis.org/conferences/lipo/2004/16.html
Mallal SA et al. Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS. 2000 Jul 7;14(10):1309-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930144
van der Valk M et al. Increased risk of lipodystrophy when nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors are included with protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2001 May 4;15(7):847-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11399957
Higher lipoatrophy with efavirenz vs lopinavir/r
Haubrich R et al.Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment (ACTG 5142). AIDS: 1 June 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 9 – p 1109-1118, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b4377.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2009&issue=06010&article=00008&type=fulltext
NOTE – EFV+AZT+3TC vs LPV/r mono – ie could be AZT effect
Cameron DW et al. Significant Sparing of Peripheral Lipoatrophy by HIV Treatment with LPV/r + ZDV/3TC Induction followed by LPV/r Monotherapy Compared with EFV + ZDV/3TC. CROI 2007. Oral abstract 44.
http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/30523.htm
EFV and gynaecomastia
Sikora MJ et al Efavirenz directly modulates the oestrogen receptor and induces breast cancer cell growth. HIV Medicine October 2010, Volume 11, Issue 9 Pages 545–609.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00831.x/abstract
Fat loss drives HIV-related lipodystrophy (both limb and trunk)
Tien PC, Grunfeld C. What is HIV-associated lipodystrophy? Defining fat distribution changes in HIV infection. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases: February 2004 – Volume 17 – Issue 1 – pp 27-32.
http://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/Abstract/2004/02000/What_is_HIV_associated_lipodystrophy__Defining_fat.5.aspx
Arpadi S et al. Longitudinal changes in regional fat content in HIV-infected children and adolescents. AIDS: 31 July 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 12 – p 1501-1509, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b7e69.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2009/07310/Longitudinal_changes_in_regional_fat_content_in.8.aspx
Blanes M et al. Angiolipomas, a rare manifestation of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. AIDS. 22(4):552-554, February 19, 2008. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f56b7a
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2008/02190/Angiolipomas,%20_a_rare_manifestation_of.24.aspx
Lipoatrophy management and treatment
Capeau J et al. A six month interruption in HIV-infected patients improves adipose tissue morphology and gene expression (ANRS EP29 Lipostop). 8th IWADRLH, September 2006, San Francisco. Abstract 5. Report in HTB:
http://i-base.info/htb/2996
Moyle GJ et al. A randomized comparative trial of tenofovir DF or abacavir as replacement for a thymidine analogue in persons with lipoatrophy. AIDS 2006; 20:2043–2050.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2006&issue=10240&article=00006&type=fulltext
Fisher M et al. A randomized comparative trial of continued zidovudine/lamivudine or replacement with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in efavirenz-treated HIV-1-infected individuals. JAIDS: August 2009 – Volume 51 – Issue 5 – pp 562-568 doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ae2eb9
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/2009/08150/A_Randomized_Comparative_Trial_of_Continued.8.aspx
Carr A et al. Abacavir substitution for nucleoside analogs in patients with HIV lipoatrophy: a randomized trial (MITOX). JAMA. 2002 Jul 10;288(2):207-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12095385
Martin A et al. Reversibility of lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients 2 years after switching from a thymidine analogue to abacavir: the MITOX Extension Study. AIDS:, 30 April 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 7 – pp 1029-1036.
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Rosen S et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of switching from stavudine to tenofovir in first-line antiretroviral regimens in South Africa. JAIDS: 1 July 2008 – Volume 48 – Issue 3 – pp 334-344, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817ae5ef.
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Valantin M-A et al. Polylactic acid implants (New-Fill)(R) to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients: results of the open-label study VEGA. AIDS. 17(17):2471-2477, November 21, 2003.
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Moyle G et al. A randomized open-label study of immediate versus, delayed polylactic acid injections for the cosmetic, management of facial lipoatrophy in persons with HIV infection. HIV Medicine (March 2004);5; 82–87.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00190.x/full
Levy RM, Redbord KP, Hanke CW. Treatment of HIV lipoatrophy and lipoatrophy of aging with poly-L-lactic acid: a prospective 3-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 923–933.
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Poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill, Sculptra): FDA approval and efficacy
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm080931.htm
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Silvers SL et al. Prospective, open-label, 18-month trial of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial soft-tissue augmentation in patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy: one-year durability. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery: 1 September 2006 – Volume 118 – Issue 3S – pp 34S-45S, doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000234847.36020.52.
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Radiesse: FDA approval and efficacy
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cftopic/pma/pma.cfm?num=p050037
Carruthers A et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic studies of calcium hydroxylapatite for treatment of HIV–associated facial lipoatrophy and correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatologic Surgery, Volume 34, pages S78–S84, June 2008.
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Skeie L et al. Large particle hyaluronic acid for the treatment of facial lipoatrophy in HIV-positive patients: 3-year follow-up study (Restylane SubQ). HIV Medicine 2010;11(3):170-177.
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/718536
Loutfy MR et al. Immediate versus delayed polyalkylimide gel injections to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-positive patients. AIDS: 31 May 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 9 – p 1147-1155, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281c6148d.
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Ross AH et al. Long-term orbito-facial complications of polyalkylimide 4% (Bio-Alcamid). Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery: September/October 2009 – Volume 25 – Issue 5 – pp 394-397, doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181b3ac71.
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Karim RB et al. Complications of polyalkylimide 4% injections (Bio-Alcamid): a report of 18 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(12):1409-14. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
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Fontdevila J et al. Co(mplications with Bioalcamid in the aesthetic treatment of lipoatrophy. Abstract 100. Antiviral Therapy. 2006; 11: L60.
http://www.aegis.org/conferences/lipo/2006/100.html
Goldan O et al. Early and late complications after a nonabsorbable hydrogel polymer injection: a series of 14 patients and novel management. Dermatologic Surgery, Volume 33, pages S199–S206, December 2007.
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Alijotas-Reig J et al. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects of polyalkylimide dermal fillers, clinical findings and long-term follow-up. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(5):637-642.
http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/144/5/637
Nadarajah J et al. Infectious complications of Bio-Alcamid soft tissue endoprosthesis treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. 12th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Co-morbidities in HIV. Oral abstract O28. Antiviral Therapy 2010; 15 Suppl 4:A22.
http://www.intmedpress.com/lipodystrophy
Pravastatin increases limb fat in people with elevated cholesterol
Mallon PWG et al. Effect of pravastatin on body composition and markers of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected men-a randomized, placebo-controlled study. AIDS:, 24 April 2006 – Volume 20 – Issue 7 – p 1003-1010, doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000222072.37749.5a
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Tungsiripat M et al. Rosiglitazone improves lipoatrophy in patients receiving thymidine-sparing regimens. AIDS: 1 June 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 9 – p 1291–1298, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339e274.
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Rosiglitazone (lipoatrophy treatment)
Mafong DD et al. Development of multiple lipomas during treatment with rosiglitazone in a patient with HIV-associated lipoatrophy. AIDS: 20 August 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 12 – pp 1742-1744.
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Jones DH et al. Highly purified 1000-cSt silicone oil for treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: an open pilot trial. Dermatologic Surgery, Volume 30, Issue 10, pages 1279–1286, October 2004.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30406.x/abstract
Guaraldi g et al. Facial fat hypertrophy in patients who receive autologous fat tissue transfer. Autologous Fat Transfer 2010, Part 6, 427-431, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00473-5_55.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/v73510527087u1p1/
Levan P et al. Correction of facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy by injection of autologous fatty tissue. AIDS: 27 September 2002 – Volume 16 – Issue 14 – pp 1985-1987. Correspondence.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2002/09270/Correction_of_facial_lipoatrophy_in_HIV_infected.26.aspx
Lipohypertrophy
Diet and exercise
Jones SP. Short-term exercise training improves body composition and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-positive individuals with lipodystrophy. AIDS: 19 October 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 15 – pp 2049-2051. Research Letter.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/10190/Short_term_eercise_training_improves_body.21.aspx
Driscoll SD. Effects of exercise training and metformin on body composition and cardiovascular indices in HIV-infected patients. AIDS: 20 February 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 3 – pp 465-473.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2004/02200/Effects_of_exercise_training_and_metformin_on_body.13.aspx
Agin D et al. Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body cell mass, muscle strength, and quality of life in women with HIV. AIDS: 7 December 2001 – Volume 15 – Issue 18 – pp 2431-2440.
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Roubenoff R et al. A pilot study of exercise training to reduce trunk fat in adults with HIV-associated fat redistribution. AIDS: 30 July 1999 – Volume 13 – Issue 11 – pp 1373-1375. Concise Communication.
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Fitch KV et al. Effects of a lifestyle modification program in HIV-infected patients with the metabolic syndrome. AIDS: 11 September 2006 – Volume 20 – Issue 14 – p 1843-1850. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000244203.95758.db.
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Joy et al. Dietary fat intake and relationship to serum lipid levels in HIV-infected patients with metabolic abnormalities in the HAART era. AIDS: 31 July 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 12 – p 1591-1600 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823644ff.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2007/07310/Dietary_fat_intake_and_relationship_to_serum_lipid.12.aspx
Treatment interventions
Mulligan K et al. The effects of recombinant human leptin on visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1588.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2008-1588v1
Testosterone in men
Bhasin S et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on whole body and regional fat mass and distribution in HIV-infected men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 1049 –1057, 2007)
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/92/3/1049.pdf
Testsosterone in women
Dolan Looby SE at al. Effects of long-term testosterone administration in HIV-infected women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS: 15 May 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 8 – p 951-959. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283299145.
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Wanke C et al. Recombinant human growth hormone improves the fat redistribution syndrome (lipodystrophy) in patients with HIV. AIDS: 22 October 1999 – Volume 13 – Issue 15 – pp 2099-2103.
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Lo JC et al. The effects of recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients with fat accumulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 86, No. 8 3480-3487.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jcem;86/8/3480
Falutz J et al. Metabolic effects of a Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor in patients with HIV. NEJM Volume 357:2359-2370. December 6, 2007. Number 23.
http://www.contentnejmorg.zuom.info/cgi/content/full/357/23/2359
Falutz J et al. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS: 12 September 2008 – Volume 22 – Issue 14 – p 1719-1728, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830a5058.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2008/09120/Long_term_safety_and_effects_of_tesamorelin,_a.6.aspx
Theratechnologie Press Release. Theratechnologies Provides Regulatory Update on Tesamorelin. (22 June 2012).
http://www.theratech.com/sites/default/files/news_release_en/th-06222012-en.pdf (PDF)
Gervasoni C et al. Long-term efficacy of the surgical treatment of buffalo hump in patients continuing antiretroviral therapy. Research letter. AIDS: 20 February 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 3 – pp 574-576.
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Grunfeld C et al. Recombinant human growth hormone to treat HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome: 12-week induction and 24-week maintenance therapy. JAIDS: 1 July 2007 – Volume 45 – Issue 3 – pp 286-297, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31804a7f68.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2007/07010/Recombinant_Human_Growth_Hormone_to_Treat.6.aspx
Kotler D et al. Effects of growth hormone on abnormal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. JAIDS: 1 March 2004 – Volume 35 – Issue 3 – pp 239-252.
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Koutkia P et al. Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone in HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy, a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:210-218.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/2/210
Reilly MJ et al. Wound infection rates in elective plastic surgery for HIV-positive patients. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery: January 2009 – Volume 123 – Issue 1 – pp 106-111, doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181904dd9.
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Metformin caution
Kohli R et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of metformin for the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy. HIV Medicine, Volume 8, Issue 7, pages 420–426, October 2007.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00488.x/full
Lipids
Armatige J. The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet 2007; 370: 1781–90. DOI:10.1016/S01406736(07)60716-8.
http://www.cimed.ucr.ac.cr/archivos/Articulos Interes/2009/Enero 2009/Seguridad de las Estatinas en la practica Clinica Diaria Lancet 2007.pdf
Calza L et al. Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS: 11 April 2003 – Volume 17 – Issue 6 – pp 851-859.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2003/04110/Statins_and_fibrates_for_the_treatment_of.10.aspx
Chou D et al. Short-term ezetimibe is well tolerated and effective in combination with statin therapy to treat elevated LDL cholesterol in HIV-infected patients. AIDS: 23 October 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 16 – p 2133-2141 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833068e3.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2009/10230/Short_term_ezetimibe_is_well_tolerated_and.8.aspx
De Truchis P et al. Reduction in triglyceride level with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in HIV-infected patients taking potent antiretroviral therapy: a randomized prospective study. JAIDS: 1 March 2007 – Volume 44 – Issue 3 – pp 278-285, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31802c2f3d.
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Dubé MP et al, Safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with HIV infection: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5148. Antiviral Therapy11:1081–1089.
http://www.intmedpress.com/serveFile.cfm?sUID=61ed835f-200b-4a2b-9ad4-da32ea8ac7c2
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. European Heart Journal (June 2011) doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158
http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/eurheartj.ehr158.full
Gerber JG et al. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy, results of ACTG A5186. JAIDS: 2008, April 1; 47(4): 459–466. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815bace2.
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Kotler D. Lipid abnormalities and associated cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. JAIDS: 1 September 2008 – Volume 49 – Issue – pp S79-S85, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318186519c.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2008/09012/HIV_and_Antiretroviral_Therapy__Lipid.3.aspx
Law M et al. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Apr 17;97(8A):52C-60C. Epub 2006 Feb 3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581329
Boffito M et al. Plasma exposure of 100 mg once and twice daily decreases HDL and CD36 expression but only twice-daily dosing increases triglycerides: potential effect of ritonavir on cardiovascular disease. 15th CROI, 3–6 February 2008, Boston. Poster abstract 930.
http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/31793.htm
McGoldrick C et al. The management of dyslipidaemias in antiretroviral-treated HIV infection: a systematic review. HIV Medicine, Volume 8, Issue 6, pages 325–334, September 2007.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00480.x/full
Moyle GJ et al. Dietary advice with or without pravastatin for the management of hypercholesterolaemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 2001;15:1503–1508.
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Negredo E et al. Ezetimibe, a promising lipid-lowering agent for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients with poor response to statins. AIDS:, 14 November 2006 – Volume 20 – Issue 17 – p 2159-2164, doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000247573.95880.db.
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Nordestgaard BG et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298:299-308.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/3/299
PI switch to ATZ for lipids
Rubio R et al. Effect of simplification from protease inhibitors to boosted atazanavir-based regimens in real-life conditions. HIV Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 9, pages 545–553, October 2010.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00827.x/abstract
Scevola D et al. Effect of exercise and strength training on cardiovascular status in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003 (April), 17 (suppl 1):S123 – S129.
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Worm S et al. Triglycerides and the risk of myocardial infarction in the D:A:D study. 17th CROI, 16–19 February 2010, San Francisco. Oral abstract 127.
http://www.retroconference.org/2010/Abstracts/37167.htm
Insulin resistance and diabetes
Blümer R et al. Zidovudine/lamivudine contributes to insulin resistance within 3 months of starting combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS: 11 January 2008 – Volume 22 – Issue 2 – p 227-236, doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f33557.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2008/01110/Zidovudine_lamivudine_contributes_to_insulin.8.aspx
Driscoll SD et al. Effects of exercise training and metformin on body composition and cardiovascular indices in HIV-infected patients. AIDS: 20 February 2004 – Volume 18 – Issue 3 – pp 465-473.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2004/02200/Effects_of_exercise_training_and_metformin_on_body.13.aspx
Ryan JG. Increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus with HIV-1 infection. Insulin Journal. Volume 5 Number 1.
http://www.insulinjournal.com/pdfs/v5_i1_37_ryan_010510_WEB.pdf
Samaras K et al. Prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in HIV-1 infection treated with combined antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS: April 2009 – Volume 50 – Issue 5 – pp 499-505, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31819c291b.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2009/04150/Prevalence_and_Pathogenesis_of_Diabetes_Mellitus.8.aspx
Tebas P. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus associated with antiretroviral use in HIV-infected patients: pathogenesis, prevention and treatment options. JAIDS: 1 September 2008 – Volume 49 – Issue – pp S86-S92, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818651e6.
http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2008/09012/Insulin_Resistance_and_Diabetes_Mellitus.4.aspx
HIV and ageing
Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. BMJ 2009; 338:a3172 doi: 10.1136/bmj.a3172 (Published 26 January 2009).
http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.a3172.full
Murphy G and Youle M. Coming of Age: a guide to ageing well with HIV
http://www.hivtri.com
Heart disease
British Cardiac Society/British Hypertension Society/Diabetes UK/Heart UK/Primary Care Cardiovascular Society (2005) JSB2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 91: 1–52.
http://www.bcs.com/download/651/JBS2final.pdf
Crane HM et al. Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy (belly fat not associated after BMI factored in) are independently associated with hypertension. HIV Medicine, Early View May 2009.
http://www.natap.org/2009/HIV/052709_06.htm
El-Sadr WM et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med2006;355:2283-96.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062360?ck=nck#t=abstract
Grinspoon S and Carr A. Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:48-62January 6, 2005.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra041811
Grunfeld C et al. HIV infection Is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis similar in magnitude to traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. 16th CROI 2009. Oral abstract 146.
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/33991.htm
Hsue P et al. HIV infection is independently associated with detectable coronary artery calcium. 16th CROI 2009. Poster abstract 724.
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/33705.htm
Kloner RA. Cocaine and the Heart. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:487-488, February 6, 2003.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp020174
Lundgren J et al. Risk of Myocardial infarction with exposure to specific ARV from the PI, NNRTI, and NRTI drug classes: the D:A:D study. 16th CROI, 8–11 February 2009, Montreal. Oral late breaker abstract 44LB.
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/36644.htm
Modrich L et al. Factors associated with mortality in the study of fat redistribution and metabolic change in HIV infection. 16th CROI 2009. Poster abstract 706.
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/34462.htm
Petoumenos K et al. Rates of cardiovascular disease following smoking cessation in patients with HIV infection: results from the D:A:D study. 17th CROI, 16–19 February 2010, San Francisco. Oral abstract 124.
http://www.retroconference.org/2010/Abstracts/38289.htm
Reiss P. Abacavir and cardiovascular risk. 16th CROI. Oral abstract 152.
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/36788.htm
http://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/33705.htm
Ford ES et al. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection. AIDS: 19 June 2010 – Volume 24 – Issue 10 – p 1509-1517 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833ad914.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2010/06190/Traditional_risk_factors_and_D_dimer_predict.13.aspx
Bone health
National (US) Osteoporosis Foundation 2008 guidelines
http://www.nof.org
National Osteoporsis Society (UK)
http://www.nos.org.uk
Bone Research Society
http://www.brsoc.org.uk
Dao C et al. Higher and increasing rates of fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study compared to the general US population, 1994 to 2008. 17th CROI. 16-10 February 2010, San Francisco. Oral abstract 128.
http://www.retroconference.org/2010/Abstracts/37582.htm
Rozenberg S et al. Effect of alendronate on HIV-related osteoporosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ANRS 120). 12th EACS, 11-14 November 2009, Cologne. Abstract PS5/4. 2.
McComsey G et al. Alendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective for the treatment of decreased bone mineral density in HIV. AIDS: 30 November 2007 – Volume 21 – Issue 18 – p 2473-2482 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282ef961d.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2007/11300/Alendronate_with_calcium_and_vitamin_D.13.aspx
McComsey G et al. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 51(8):937–946 (15 October). doi: 10.1086/656412.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/656412
Mondy K et al. Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection. JAIDS,1 April 2005 – Volume 38 – Issue 4 – pp 426-431.
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Mundy L et al. Overall benefit of antiretroviral treatment on the risk of fracture in HIV: nested case–control analysis in a health-insured population. AIDS. 26(9):1073-1082, June 1, 2012.
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Yin MT et al. Fracture incidence in HIV-infected women: results from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. AIDS: 20 September 2010 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833f6294.
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Grund B. Continuous antiretroviral therapy decreases bone mineral density. AIDS: 31 July 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 12 – p 1519-1529 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832c1792.
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Borderi M. Editorial Review. Metabolic bone disease in HIV infection. AIDS: 17 July 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 11 – p 1297-1310 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832ce85a.
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Huang J. A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of zoledronate therapy for HIV-associated osteopenia and osteoporosis. AIDS: 2 January 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 1 – p 51-57 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c8adc.
http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2009/01020/A_double_blinded,_randomized_controlled_trial_of.8.aspx
HIV and cancer
NIH/IDSA Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents, 10 April 2009.
http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/GuidelineDetail.aspx?MenuItem=Guidelines&Search=Off&GuidelineID=211&ClassID=4
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http://www.kenes.com/easl2010/Posters/Abstract952.htm
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Lifestyle changes: diet, exercise, smoking
Diet
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http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/eurheartj.ehr158
http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-dyslipidemias-FT.pdf (PDF file)
Goodarz D et al. The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors. PLoS Medicine, Volume 6, Issue 4. (2 April 2009)
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
Dietary Reference Values for Energy, Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, 2011
http://www.sacn.gov.uk/reports_position_statements/reports/sacn_dietary_reference_values_for_energy.html
Fruit and Vegetables for Health, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Workshop 1-3 September 2004, Kobe, Japan.
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/
Food Standard Agency (FSA) and Food Based Guidelines for UK Institutions (October 2008).
http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/nutguideuk.pdf (PDF file)
US Centre for Disease Control (CDC). Americans Consume Too Much Sodium (Salt).
http://www.cdc.gov/Features/dsSodium/
Exercise
Healy GN et al. Objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and metabolic risk: the Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab). Diabetes Care vol. 31 no. 2 pages 369-371. (February 2008).
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/2/369.short
Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2010) 7:40. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/7/1/40
Lee CD et al. Physical activity and stroke risk, a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2475-2481.
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/34/10/2475.abstract
WHO. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. (2006)
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/index.html
1 February 2013