ACT-UP in film: ‘How to survive a plague’ and ‘United in anger’
1 August 2012. Related: Book and film reviews.
Poster still from How To Survive a Plague
Simon Collins, HIV i-Base
The IAS conference in Washington also included the opportunity to see two new films on early HIV activism in the US.
On the first evening of the conference, a few blocks south of the conference centre, a preview screening took place for a film that tracked the history of ACT-UP from the first meetings though to the arrival of the first effective treatments.
Early ACT-UP members attending the screening of How To Survive a Plague: (l-r) Sam Avrett, David Barr, Moisés Agosto, Mark Harrington, Garance Franke-Ruta and Gregg Bordowitz.
The film tells the story of how people came together to organise to overturn the way that research, drug regulation, medicine and science worked in the US, fighting ignorance, indifference and prejudice. It is that simple and dramatic. And many activists who followed, myself included, recognise that little of the current work we are involved in would have been possible without their achievements.
The film was directed by David France, who tracked down more than 700 hours of archived footage from 30 different collections, and edited this with recent interviews from early activists including Peter Staley, Mark Harrington, David Barr, Garance Franke-Ruta, Spencer Cox, Larry Kramer, Gregg Bordowitz and Gregg Gonsalves. Many others, just as crucial in the struggle, did not make it. As you are drawn into the story you meet people who leave you to finish the journey without them.
ACT-UP came from a crisis that is difficult for anyone who was not there at the time to imagine now – but it did not come with the first cases, or even in the first years. By the time the group was founded in New York in 1987, six years after the first deaths from AIDS, 40,000 people had died in the US and 500,000 people had died globally.
But the same month that the group formed, AZT, a previously existing compounded developed with considerable public funding, was approved as the first treatment. The manufacturers set the price higher than any other current medication at $10,000 a year, and an ACT-UP demonstration managed to close trading on the floor of the New York stock exchange, forcing Boroughs-Wellcome to drop the price by 20%.
Other actions used media attention to force political change. These included unrolling a giant replica condom over the home of the homophobic Republican senator Jesse Helms, closing the FDA with thousands of demonstrators to change in the mechanism for regulatory approval for life-threatening conditions, holding a “die-in” in St Patricks Cathedral in response to Catholic directives against using condoms, and in 1996, scattering on the White House lawn the ashes of their friends and lovers as a last act of protest.
But the change came not just from shouting and protests – though that potential brought muscle to the groups demands. Behind the scenes, ACT-UP members became sufficiently expert at research and science, to be able to draft the first strategic agenda for HIV research and some of the first industry trials and taking the stage of International Conferences to launch this.
They were able to get the FDA to overturn the decision to refuse approval for a drug called DHPG (proven to save the eyesight of people with CMV, later called ganciclovir). And they forced open the secretive world of FDA committees – “why should science be shrouded in secrecy?” so that public involvement set new standards. Even when scientists recognised that nothing was certain the interactions with the activist led to personal responses that “we have no right to say we can’t do this”.
These examples show how ACT-UP’s mix of public protest and forcing dialogues with health officials, scientists and drug companies lead to faster, more effective, more affordable treatment. People organised together to say when things were not good enough.
In a panel discussion after the screening, director David France described how reactions to the film vary: “for those under 40 everything is new and for those older they are watching home movies”. He made the film “to correct a misdirection that not everything was about loss. It was a period of immense creativity, activism and change”. For all the noise and press, these activists were also quiet, considered, tactical, strategic.
One activist emphasised that although the film ended in 1996, what happened after this was even greater, involving treatment activists who changed the world under much harder conditions. David Barr was one of a handful of ACT-UP members involved in ACT-UP’s Treatment and Data group who went on to found the Treatment Action Group – a group that continues today to be one of the leading HIV treatment policy organisations in the US.
Having spend many years developing support for international HIV projects, and still visibly moved from having watched the film in which he was featured, he found the 2012 IAS conference a difficult experience: “The meeting is full of good people saying the right things, but there is no passion here. The scientific breakthroughs over the last two years are so dramatic. Treatment as prevention closes the circle, but the rhetoric of “a world without AIDS” will not make anything happen. Everything is really just falling apart, and if it falls apart now we will never get it back together. Activists need support and money. If we want any of this to work – treatment as prevention – we need community activism and yet we have little or no funding. Just let the Russian activists here talk about what they face every day – what they are doing now is just as brilliant as anything we did.”
This is something he returns to: “The need for activism is not just about being angry, but about being strategic so we will see this through. For many people HIV is now seen as a career. We were doing this for personal reasons – not to help other people as a goal in itself. We had our own personal agenda. Personal motivation drove everything.”
A second film chronicling the history of ACT-UP called “United in Anger: A history of ACT-UP” was screened in the Global Village at the IAS conference.
It is produced by Jim Hubbard and Sarah Schulman of the ACT-UP oral history project and based on many of the extensive interviews with over 140 activists. Transcriptions are available online including from many of the activists included in both films.
This film is a profile of ACT-UP to establish its place in history rather than the more intimate reflections from one group of activists. It includes more HIV positive women and other campaigns including the the four-year drive to change the US CDC definitions for AIDS-defining illnesses to include infections that specifically affected women, without which they were excluded from public assistance programmes.
Both films are important. See them to understand and appreciate our history. See it to learn and to be inspired that change can happen and, finally, to document and tell your own histories afterwards.
Links
How to Survive a Plague, director David France.
http://www.howtosurviveaplague.com/
United in Anger: A history of ACT-UP, director Jim Hubbard.
http://www.actuporalhistory.org/interviews/index.html
http://www.unitedinanger.com/