HIV pipeline 2017: summary version

20 July 2017. Related: Supplements, Pipeline report, Antiretrovirals.

This page is the summary version of HIV pipeline 2017. (Download PDF)

• Read full version.  • Read the IAS 2007 update.

Simon Collins, HIV i-Base

Introduction

This has been a lively year for HIV research.

Even though only one new drug was approved (a once-daily version of raltegravir) several key generic approvals (dolutegravir and tenofovir/FTC) are perhaps just as important.

Three new fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) have been submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/European Medicines Agency (EMA) with expected decisions soon, including one with a new integrase inhibitor (bictegravir).

Early data presented for several new compounds, including from new drug classes that are in early stages of research, are an optimistic sign that HIV is still a potential market for new drugs.

While current ART is safe and effective there are ways it could become better still: formulations with smaller pills, less frequent dosing, long-acting compounds (weekly, monthly, yearly), with lower doses, fewer side effects and drug interactions, stronger resistance profiles – and it could be cheaper and more accessible. Some of these factors feature in compounds already filed for regulatory approval.

This year the pipeline includes compounds in current classes (NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs and integrase inhibitors) and compounds with new targets and mechanisms of action (including a capsid inhibitor and several monoclonal antibodies), see Figure 1. It also includes a two-drug combination submitted with an indication as maintenance therapy (dolutegravir/rilpivirine).

Importantly, compounds from new classes – monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), entry inhibitors, maturation inhibitors and capsid inhibitors – are all expected to work for people with multiple drug resistant (MDR) HIV who are dependent on new drugs.

Some of these drugs have potential to be used in very different ways – as treatment, as part of a cure strategy and for prevention as PrEP.

Figure 1: HIV pipeline 2017: targets in the HIV lifecycle

Select image for larger view

Key: INSTI: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors; NRTI: Nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Recently approved new HIV drugs

Raltegravir HD

The only new HIV drug approval since the pipeline report in July 2016 was for a once-daily formulation of raltegravir. [1]

The new version still requires a two-pill dose (2 x 600 mg) but has improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that allow once-daily dosing without regard to food. Approval was based on 48-week results from the phase 3 treatment-naive ONCEMRK study. [2] See study details.

The improved PK profile also results in lower peak drug concentrations and higher trough levels, and less interpatient variability.

The regulatory approval of several generic formulations over the last year is also important.

Generic dolutegravir

The regulatory approval of several generic formulations over the last year is also important.

• In September 2016, tentative approval by the FDA of a generic formulation of dolutegravir has the potential to significantly improve treatment in countries who have access to in-patent generics. This will be especially true once the FDC (with TAF/FTC) also becomes available. [3]

Generic TDF/FTC

• EMA approval of three generic formulations of TDF/FTC [4] that use a different base salt for tenofovir, but that has been referred to European courts to decide on patent issues. [5]
• The FDA also approved a generic version of TDF/FTC. [6] The patent implications and timeline for US generic access and pricing is unclear and might take years: generic drugs are sometimes priced very highly in the US. [7]

Submitted applications: completed phase 3 results

Several compounds have already been submitted for regulatory evaluation based on primary endpoint results from phase 3 studies.

Darunavir/cobicistat/FTC/TAF – FDC

In September 2016, the first single pill protease-inhibitor based fixed dose combination (FDC) of darunavir/cobicistat/FTC/TAF (D/C/F/TAF) was submitted in both the US and Europe, with a decision expected later in 2017. [8]

The applications are based on studies with darunavir/cobicistat plus tenofovirDF/FTC as control [9] and at least one study at IAS will report on this FDC. [10] See study details.

The reduced milligram dose for TAF compared to TDF makes this formulation possible as a single tablet.

Bictegravir/FTC/TAF – FDC

On 12 June 2017, a new drug application to the US FDA for a single tablet FDC of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF). [11] A similar submission to the EMA in Europe is expected during 3Q 2017.

Bictegravir (formerly GS-9883) is a once-daily integrase inhibitor, that (unlike elvitegravir) does not need to be boosted or to be taken with food. This is also a potent compound, used at low milligram dose (50 mg) leading to a small pill when combined with TAF, few drug-drug interactions and a similar resistance profile to dolutegravir. [12]

Four phase 3 studies include a treatment naive study comparing it to dolutegravir and several switch studies in people with viral suppression on current treatment.
The most recent publicly presented data were results from a small phase 2 non-inferiority study in 98 treatment-naive study that showed very similar results compared to dolutegravir. [13] See study details.

Results from two phase 3 studies in treatment naive adults will be presented as late breaker abstracts at the IAS 2017 in Paris. [14, 15] See study details.

Dolutegravir/rilpivirine: two-drug FDC

Although both dolutegravir and rilpivirine are long-approved as oral drugs (in 2013 and 2011 respectively, in the US), in June 2017 a new oral coformulation with both drugs in a single pill was submitted for regulatory approval as an FDC for maintenance therapy. [16]

The application is for use as a switch option in people with suppressed viral load on earlier treatment and is notable for being the first FDC that doesn’t include NRTIs. The application is based on results from the SWORD 1 and 2 studies presented at CROI 2017 that showed dual arm was non-inferior to continuing ART. [17] See study details.

Dolutegravir-based dual therapy with 3TC is also discussed below.

Compounds in phase 3 development

The unpredictability of drug development is always important to remember and this year included gains and losses of some compounds and the re-emergence of others.

Doravirine – NNRTI

Doravirine is a once-daily NNRTI that can be taken with or without food that has few drug-drug interactions and that retains activity against common first generation NNRTI mutations (K103N, Y181C, G190A and E138K). It is being developed in an FDC with generic TDF/3TC and has the compound name MK-1439A. [18]

Results from a two-part, dose-finding, phase 2 study in treatment-naive participants presented at CROI 2016 last year, reported doravirine to be non-inferior compared to efavirenz with 78% in each group having undetectable viral load at week 48. [19] See study details.

This year another randomised phase 3 study reported doravirine to be non-inferior compared to boosted darunavir with similar safety and efficacy results. [20] See study details.

New nanoformulations of this compound are also in development [21] and IAS 2017 will include phase 3 results comparing the MK-1439A FDC to efavirenz/TDF/FTC in people on first ART. [22]  See study details.

Cabotegravir and cabotegravir/rilpivirine long-acting (LA) FDC

Cabotegravir (CAB) is a second-generation integrase inhibitor being developed by ViiV Healthcare as both an oral tablet and long-acting (CAB-LA) injectable formulation. It has potential use as both treatment and, the injectable formulation, as PrEP.

CAB-LA has an extremely long half-life: a single injection results in drug levels that are still detectable in some people more than a year later. This requires that a lead-in phase using the oral formulation is essential before using the injection to screen for likely risk of hypersensitivity reaction. The long half-life means that anyone stopping CAB-LA when used as treatment needs to switch to alternative ART. When used as PrEP, current studies recommend switching to daily oral PrEP for a year.

The oral formulation has a similar drug resistance profile to dolutegravir, and is also being studied as part of dual oral therapy with rilpivirine (see dolutegravir/rilpivirine above). Results from a phase 2b included 144-week results from 243 treatment-naive participants who started triple therapy ART (dose-ranging cabotegravir or efavirenz, plus background TDF/FTC NRTIs), and who switched to oral cabotegravir plus rilpivirine maintenance therapy at week 24 if viral load was undetectable. [23] See study details.

The phase 2 LATTE-2 study, using dual injection maintenance therapy (CAB-LA coformulated with rilpivirine LA) reported good efficacy and tolerability at week-48 with >90% of participants having undetectable viral load and high patient satisfaction with injections (even though these caused usually minor side effects). [24] See study details.
Several international phase 3 studies of cabotegravir LA for PrEP are already underway, with oral TDF/FTC as the comparison. [25, 26] New nanoformulations of cabotegravir LA are also in development. [27]

The phase 3 programme includes two large international studies in treatment-naive and -experienced participants: FLAIR (First Long-Acting Injectable Regimen) and ATLAS (Antiretroviral Therapy as Long-Acting Suppression). IAS 2017 will include updated 96-week results from LATTE-2. [28] See study details.

Dolutegravir/lamivudine – two-drug FDC

Dolutegravir showed a higher barrier against drug resistance in treatment-naive studies than any other antiretroviral to date and this led to several independent research groups looking at whether dolutegravir could be used in combinations with less than three active drugs.

In addition to using dolutegravir with rilpivirine (see above), several studies are using dolutegravir with lamivudine (3TC) including with the two drugs coformulated in an FDC.
This include use both as first-line ART and as a switch option in people who are stable on current ART (usually defined as having undetectable viral load for year).

Of these, the single-arm treatment naive PADDLE study reported rapid reductions in viral load, including in four people with baseline viral load >100,000 copies/mL with 18/20 maintaining undetectable viral load at week-48. [29] Results from week-96 of this study will be presented at IAS 2017. [30] See study results.

Several larger phase 2 and 3 studies are ongoing including the single arm LAMIDOL and ACTG A5353 studies and the randomised ASPIRE and TRULIGHT studies. [31, 32, 33, 34]

Of these, only the French ANRS 167 LAMIDOL single arm switch study has reported results. At CROI 2017, after 40 weeks of dual therapy, 101/104 participants remaining undetectable, with a single person with viral rebound (>50 – 200 copies mL) who switched back to triple ART. [31] ACTG A5353 in 122 treatment-naive participants is due to report results at IAS 2017. [32] See study results.

Finally, in August 2016, ViiV announced two large international randomised phase 3 studies (GEMINI 1 and 2) that will compare dolutegravir/3TC FDC to dolutegravir plus separate TDF/FTC. [35] Together these will enrol 1400 treatment-naive participants and will quantify whether dual-NRTIs are still needed for some integrase-based regimens, with data collection for the primary endpoint (viral suppression at week-48) expected in 2018. [36, 37]

If these studies produce positive results, a modelling study published last year reported potential savings of $550 million in the US alone over five years if dolutegravir/3TC was used as maintenance therapy by 50% of people who suppressed viral load on triple ART and $800 million if used as initial ART. This increased to $3 billion if 25% of people currently on stable ART switch to dolutegravir/3TC dual therapy. [38]

It is also important that although several studies using dolutegravir as monotherapy maintained viral suppression in most participants, the unpredictable risk of viral rebound in some people with the development of integrase resistance means that monotherapy with dolutegravir is now clearly not recommended. All dolutegravir monotherapy studies should have now changed all participants back to dual or triple therapy. [39]

Ibalizumab – mAb

Ibalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that has been in development for over a decade. Previous development names included TMB-355 and TNX-355 and phase 1 efficacy results were first reported in 2008. [40]

Ibalizumab blocks initial HIV entry by attaching to CD4 receptors and stopping conformational changes that are needed for the virus to enter a CD4 cell. It is active against CCR5 and CXCR4-tropic virus. The half-life of >3 days enables the intravenous (IV) infusion to be given every two weeks.

For much of the development programme, access was limited to an open-label expanded-access study [41] but results from a small phase 3 study (TMB-301) were presented at CROI 2017. This study in 40 people with multidrug resistant HIV, reported a mean viral load decrease from baseline was –1.6 log copies/mL, with 55% and 48% having reductions >1 log and >2 log respectively. [42] See study details.

Results from an intramuscular formulation were also presented at CROI 2017 but although initial viral load reductions were similar to the IV version, rebound after one week suggests greater vulnerability to drug resistance. [43]

Ibalizumab is being developed by the Taiwanese company TaiMed but marketing and distribution rights for the US and Canada have been sold to Theratechnologies (who market tesamorelin for visceral hypertrophy). A press release from the developing companies reported that FDA had granted a priority review with an expected deadline for submission in January 2018. [44]

A further phase 3 study is also ongoing [45] and updated results in treatment-experienced patients are due to be presented at IAS 2017. [46] See study details.

PRO 140 – mAb

PRO 140 is a humanised IgG4 antibody that blocks HIV entry by binding to CCR5 but is active against maraviroc-resistant virus. PRO 140 has been in development for more than ten years, but that paradoxically has been designated “fast-track” status, for having potential activity against MDR HIV.

The most recent phase 3 data were presented at CROI 2017 where a small number of people (n=41 originally and 16 in a follow up phase) switched to PRO140 monotherapy after stopping ART. PRO 140 uses weekly dosing of 350 mg self-administered sub-cutaneous injections of PRO 140 and 10/16 people continued to have undetectable viral load without ART for up to two years. [47] See study details.

Ongoing phase 3 studies include a monotherapy switch study in 300 participants with viral suppression >48 weeks on ART [48] and in addition to ART as part of salvage combination in 30 participants with multidrug resistance to other classes. [49] No new results are expected at IAS 2017.

Compounds in phase 2 studies

Fostemsavir (GSK3684934) – attachment inhibitor

Fostemsavir (GSK3684934) is an attachment inhibitor that binds to gp120 that is active against nearly all HIV-1 subtypes, though not sub-type AE or group O and has no in vitro cross resistance to drugs from other classes.

This compound is being developed by ViiV but was previously a BMS compound (BMS-663068).

Results from a phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study in 251 treatment-experienced participants that used atazanavir/r in the control arm were presented at the Glasgow conference in 2016. Rather than using 2 NRTIs as background drugs, all participants used raltegravir (400 mg twice-daily) plus TDF (once-daily) as the background drugs. At 96-weeks, 61% vs 53% had undetectable viral load <50 copies/mL (GSK934 vs atazanavir) with no difference by baseline subgroups. [50] See study details.

Ongoing research is in a large international phase 3 study (enrolled, no longer recruiting) in treatment-experienced patients with drug resistance and who are sensitive to only two or fewer drug classes. This study was launched in 2015 with an estimated end date in 2020. [51]

Although no new clinical data are due to be presented at IAS 2017, two drug interactions studies are due to be presented as posters. [52, 53]

UB-421 – mAb

UB-421 is a broadly neutralising mAb that targets CD4 binding with in vitro data suggest comparable or greater potency compared to other compounds, including VRC01 and 3BNC117. [5]

A phase 2 study in 29 virally suppressed participants on ART who used UB-421 monotherapy during an 8-week ART interruption had no cases of viral rebound during the monotherapy phase. UB-421 was given by infusion either 10 mg/kg weekly or 25 mg/kg every two-weeks. [54] See study details.

Two current phase 3 studies in people with MDR HIV are listed but not yet enrolling. [55, 56]

No new data are expected at IAS 2017.

VRC01 – mAb

VRC01 is another broadly neutralising mAb that targets the CD4 binding site that can be given by infusion or sub-cutaneous injection and that is in phase 1/2 development with multiple indications: for treatment, as part of cure research and for prevention.
One study at CROI reported no additional impact on reducing the latently infected viral reservoir from adding VRC01 to ART. [57] Other studies in cure research are ongoing [58].
This includes using a single injection in infants after birth to limit risk of vertical transmission and a potential role of additional injections for breastfed infants. [59]

Two large international phase 2 PrEP studies PrEP are already ongoing. [60, 61]
Although new clinical data are expected at IAS 2017, a study on lack of effect on reservoirs will be presented, similar to published results from last year. [62, 63]

ABX464 – Rev inhibitor

ABX464 is a molecule thought to work by blocking the end stages of viral assembly. A phase 2a dose-ranging study presented at CROI 2016 in 80 treatment-naive participants in Thailand reported modest antiviral activity (~0.5 log copies/mL) but only in 4/6 people using the highest 150 mg dose (with no responses in 2/6). [81]

The compound is also being studied for impact on viral reservoir and whether it can limit viral rebound in absence of ART, included a related study due to be presented at IAS 2017 in Paris. [82, 83]

Phase 1 and preclinical compounds of interest

As many companies do not widely publicise pre-clinical work, this section is restricted to a few studies.

MK-8591 (EFdA) – NRTI

MK-8591 is a very interesting NRTI now in phase 1 development by Merck that is notable for high potency (currently using a 10 mg oral daily dose), a long plasma half-life that allows once-weekly oral dosing, a slow-release removable implant that might only require annual dosing and ongoing studies looking at use for both treatment and PrEP.

MK-8591 is active against both HIV-1 subtypes and HIV-2, including against NRTI mutations K65R and Q151M (although the M184V variant conferred 10-fold resistance). [64] See study details.

EFdA reaches good drug levels in vaginal and rectal tissue – supporting further PrEP studies. [65] See study details.

IAS 2017 is expected to include important new results for both use as treatment and prevention. [66, 67] See study details.

GS-9131 – NRTI

GS-9131 was reported ten years ago at CROI 2006. [68]

Other published studies highlight the potential for low risk of toxicity in animal studies and retains in vitro phenotypic sensitivity to broad NRTI resistance including mutations at K65R, L74V and M184V and multiple TAMS. [69] The poster at CROI 2017 confirmed results from previously published studies into the activity against common NRTI mutations. [70] See study details.

No new data are expected at IAS 2017.

GSK3640254 – maturation inhibitor

The maturation inhibitor GSK3640254 (previously BMS-986197) is in preclinical stages of development with GSK with a molecule acquired from BMS. [71]

An earlier maturation inhibitor, BMS-955176, also acquired from BMS was discontinued in October 2016 due to GI toxicity and drug resistance. [72]

New data on tolerability and side effects will be presented at IAS 2017. [73] See study details.

Combinectin – adnectin/fusion inhibitor

Combinectin (GSK3732394) is a combined adnectin/fusion inhibitor that stops viral entry by targeting multiple sites of action on gp41 and CD4. This compound has the potential for self-administered once-weekly injections.

This compound was in preclinical development with BMS and was acquired by ViiV in late 2015.

Latest data presented at Glasgow 2016 summarised, in vitro activity and resistance data and virologic data from mouse studies. [74] See study details.

GS-PI1 – protease inhibitor

GS-PI1 is a once-daily unboosted protease inhibitor with high potency and a long half-life, and in vitro sensitivity against some second-generation PI resistance, in pre-clinical development by Gilead.

An oral presentation at CROI 2017 reported a high barrier to resistance both after in vitro passaging and against multiple resistance complexes from multiple PI-resistant clinical isolates, and pharmacokinetic data from rat and dog studies. [75] See study details.

GS-CA1 – capsid inhibitor

First data was presented on GS-CA1, the first compound in a new class of HIV capsid inhibitors, with a formulation that can be used for slow-release injections, with monthly or longer dosing. [76] See study details.

Capsid is the cone-shaped structural core within the virion that protects HIV RNA and related enzymes. As part of a dynamic process, the capsid protein (p24) first breaks down to release viral contents into the CD4 cell to enable reverse transcription and also needs to reassemble inside new virions as part of the maturation process at the end of the lifecycle.
GS-CA1 acts in both the early and late stages by binding at a site that blocks both disassembly and assembly leading to defective new virions that are non-infectious.

Compounds developed for low and middle-income markets

Although the following compounds are not being developed for use in high-income counties, they are progressing though clinical research.

Albuvirtide – fusion inhibitor

Albuvirtide is a second-generation fusion inhibitor similar to T-20 (enfuvirtide) that is being developed by Frontier Biotechnologies as an alternative second-line combination in China.
The long half-life enables once-weekly intravenous infusion (rather than twice-daily sub-cutaneous injections with T-20) and a side effect profile that does not include injection site reactions (ISRs).

Partial interim phase 3 results from 175/389 participants were presented in Glasgow in October 2016 included approximately 80% viral suppression at 24 weeks and generally good tolerability. [77] See study details.

Based on these results, albuvirtide has already been submitted for conditional approval in China and there are plans to run additional international studies in other countries next year, especially with other long-acting drugs. A sub-cutaneous formulation of albuvirtide is also in development that would allow self-injections at home, rather than weekly clinic visits needed in the current version.

Elsulfavirine – NNRTI

Elsulfavirine (a prodrug of VM-1500A) is an NNRTI being developed by Viriom for registration in some middle-income countries.

48-week results from a phase 2b study at CROI 2017 reported similar viral suppression compared to efavirenz (81% vs 73% <50 copies/mL) using TDF/FTC background NRTIs. [78] See study details.

A long-acting injectable formulation is being used in ongoing studies for treatment and PrEP with new results due at IAS 2017. [79] See study details.

Other compounds: trailing or lost

Several other compounds that featured in earlier pipeline reports have not lead to new data being presented over the last year.

GS-9695 and GS-9822 – integrase inhibitors

GS-9695 and GS-9822 were promising integrase inhibitor compounds that were discontinued due to unpredictable kidney/urothelial toxicity in monkeys. [80] See study details.

BMS-955176 – maturation inhibitor

The decision to end the development programme for BMS-955176 due to gastrointestinal intolerability was mentioned earlier in this report. [71] See study details.

The follow-on compound GSK3640254 is still in development.

Conclusion

This is still an exciting time for HIV drug development.

This year the HIV pipeline is remarkable for a potential range of drugs that could improve many aspects of the traditional approach to treating HIV using three-drug oral therapy.
It includes responses to the changing situation in which all countries now have access to some generic anitretrovirals – and drug pricing will continue to drive access in all countries. It also includes some compounds that are only developed for low- and middle-income countries, and coformulations that will not be available in high income-countries.

References

Key: CROI: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; IAS: International AIDS Society; HIV Glasgow: Glasgow Congress on HIV Therapy.

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22. Squires K et al. Fixed dose combination of doravirine/lamivudine/TDF is non-inferior to efavirenz/emtricitabine/TDF in treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: week 48 results of the Phase 3 DRIVE-AHEAD study. IAS 2017, 23-26 July, Paris. Oral late-breaker abstract TUAB0104LB.
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23. Margolis DA et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of CAB and RPV as 2-drug oral maintenance therapy. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 442.
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24. Margolis D et al. Cabotegravir + rilpivirine as long-acting maintenance therapy: LATTE-2 week 48 results. AIDS 2016, 18-22 July 2016, Durban. Oral late breaker abstract THAB0206LB.
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25. ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of long-acting injectable cabotegravir compared to daily oral TDF/FTC for pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-uninfected women. NCT03164564.
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26. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy study of injectable cabotegravir compared to daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), for pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-uninfected cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men. NCT02720094.
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27. Zhou T et al. A long-acting nanoformulated cabotegravir prodrug for improved antiretroviral therapy. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abs 439.
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28. Eron J et al. Safety and efficacy of long-acting CAB and RPV as two drug IM maintenance therapy: LATTE-2 week 96 results. IAS 2017, Paris. Late breaker oral abstract MOAX0205LB.
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29. Cahn P et al. Dolutegravir-lamivudine as initial therapy in HIV-infected, ARV naive patients: 48 week results of the PADDLE trial. AIDS 2016, 18-22 July 2016, Durban. Oral late breaker abstract FRAB0104LB.
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    http://www.natap.org/2016/IAC/IAC_92.htm (Slides)
30. Figueroa MI et al. Dolutegravir-lamivudine as initial therapy in HIV-infected, ARV naive patients: 96 week results of the PADDLE trial. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract MOPEB0287.
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31. Joly V et al. Promising results of dolutegravir + lamivudine maintenance in ANRS 167 LAMIDOL trial
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32. Taiwo BO et al. ACTG A5353: a pilot study of dolutegravir (DTG) + lamivudine (3TC) for initial treatment of HIV-1-infected participants with HIV-1 RNA < 500,000 copies/mL. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract TULBPEB21.
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33. ClinicalTrials.gov. Dolutegravir antiretroviral strategy to promote improvement and reduce drug exposure study (ASPIRE). NCT02263326.
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34. ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial to evaluate the interest of a reductive anti retroviral strategy using dual therapy inspite of triple therapy (TRULIGHT). NCT02302547.
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35. ViiV press release. ViiV Healthcare launches phase III programme evaluating a two-drug regimen combining dolutegravir and lamivudine for HIV-1 treatment. (16 August 2016).
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36. ClinicalTrials.gov. An efficacy, safety, and tolerability study comparing dolutegravir plus lamivudine with dolutegravir plus tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment naïve hiv infected subjects (Gemini 1). NCT02831673.
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37. ClinicalTrials.gov. An efficacy, safety, and tolerability study comparing dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) with dolutegravir plus tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment naïve hiv infected subjects (Gemini 2). NCT02831764.
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38. Girouard M et al. The cost-effectiveness and budget impact of 2-drug dolutegravir-lamivudine regimens for the treatment of HIV infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15; 62(6): 784–791.
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39. Collins S. Dolutegravir monotherapy studies halted due to integrase resistance: dual therapy studies continue. HTB, February 2017.
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40. Jacobson JM et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of multiple doses of ibalizumab (formerly TNX-355), an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53:450-7.
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41. ClinicalTrials.gov. Ibalizumab plus optimized background regimen in patient with multi-drug resistant HIV. NCT02475629.
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42. Lewis S et al. Long-acting ibalizumab in patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1: A 24-week study. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 449LB.
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43. Lin H-H et al. Intramuscular ibalizumab: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy vs IV administration. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 438.
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44. Theratechnologies press release. Biologics License Application (BLA) accepted for review with a target action date of January 3, 2018. (30 June 2017).
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45. ClinicalTrials.gov. Ibalizumab plus optimized background regimen in treatment-experienced patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1. NCT02707861.
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46. Weinheimer S et al. Long-acting ibalizumab susceptibility in multi-drug resistant HIV patients. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract MOPEB0352.
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47. Lalezari J et al. PRO140 single-agent maintenance therapy for HIV-1 infection: a 2-year update. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 437.
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    http://www.croiwebcasts.org/p/2017croi/croi33640 (webcast)
48. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of PRO 140 SC as single agent maintenance therapy in virally suppressed subjects with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection. NCT02859961.
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49. ClinicalTrials.gov. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, followed by single-arm treatment of PRO 140 in combination w/ optimized background therapy in treatment-experienced HIV subjects (PRO 140). NCT02483078.
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50. Llamoso C et al HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: week 96 safety analysis. Glasgow Congress 2016. 23-26 October. Late breaker oral abstract O335B.
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51. ClinicalTrials.gov. Attachment inhibitor comparison in heavily treatment experienced patients. NCT02362503.
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52. Sevinsky H et al. The effect of fostemsavir on methadone and buprenorphine pharmacokinetics. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract MOPEB0338.
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53. Magee M et al. The effect of fostemsavir on the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone (NE) in healthy female subjects. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract MOPEB0339.
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54. Wang C-Y et al. A phase 2 open-label trial of antibody UB-421 monotherapy as a substitute for HAART. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 450 LB.
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55. ClinicalTrials.gov. To investigate the efficacy and safety of UB-421 monotherapy in HIV-1 infected adults. NCT0314921.
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56. ClinicalTrials.gov. UB-421 combine with optimized background therapy regimen in multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection patients. NCT03164447.
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57. Riddler S et al. VRC01 infusion has no effect on HIV-1 persistence in ART-suppressed chronic infection. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Late breaker poster 330LB.
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58. Schief WR et al. Immunogen design to induce HIV neutralizing antibodies. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Oral abstract 143.
    http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/immunogen-design-induce-hiv-neutralizing-antibodies (abstract and webcast)
59. Cunningham CK et al. Safety & pharmacokinetics of the monoclonal antibody, VRC01, in HIV-exposed newborns. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 760.
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60. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of the VRC01 antibody in reducing acquisition of HIV-1 infection in women. NCT02568215.
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61. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of the VRC01 antibody in reducing acquisition of HIV-1 infection among men and transgender persons who have sex with men. NCT02716675.
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62. Crowell TA et al. HIV-specific broadly-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, VRC01, minimally impacts time to viral rebound following treatment interruption in virologically-suppressed, HIV-infected participants who initiated antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV infection. IAS 2017, Paris. Oral abstract TUAB0106LB.
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63. Barr K et al. Effect of HIV antibody VRC01 on viral rebound after treatment interruption. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2037-2050. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1608243. (24 November 2016).
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64. Wu V et al. Antiviral activity of EFdA against NRTI-sensitive and resistant strains of HIV-2. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle, Washington. Poster abstract 440.
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65. Grobbler J et al MK-8591 concentrations at sites of HIV transmission and replication. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle, Washington. Poster abstract 435.
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66. Matthews RP. Single doses as low as 0.5 mg of the novel NRTTI MK-8591 suppress HIV for at least seven days. IAS 2017, Paris. Late breaker poster abstract TUPDB020.
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67. Markowitz M et al. Weekly oral MK-8591 protects male rhesus macaques against repeated low dose intrarectal challenge with SHIVC109P3. IAS 2017, Paris. Late breaker oral abstract MOAX0203LB.
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68. Cihlar T et al. GS9148: A novel nucleotide active against HIV-1 variants with drug-resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase. 13th CROI, 5-8 February 2006, Denver. Oral abstract 45. (Abstract no longer online).
69. Cihlar T et al. Design and profiling of GS-9148, a novel nucleotide analog active against nucleoside-resistant variants of HIV Type 1, and its orally bioavailable phosphonoamidate prodrug, GS-9131. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb; 52(2): 655–665. Published online 2007 Dec 3. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01215-07.
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70. White KL et al. GS-9131 is a novel NRTI with activity against NRTI-resistant HIV-1. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 436.
    http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/gs-9131-novel-nrti-activity-against-nrti-resistant-hiv-1
71. ViiV Healthcare press statement. Medicines in development. (December 2015).
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72. Collins S. GSK discontinues development of maturation inhibitor BMS-955176. HTB, (October 2016).
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73. Joshi SR et al. An analysis of neurologic and psychiatric adverse events of subjects receiving the investigational HIV-1 maturation inhibitor (MI) GSK3532795/BMS-955176. IAS 2017, Paris. Poster abstract WEPEB0540.
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74. Krystal M et al. HIV combinectin GSK3732394: a long-acting inhibitor with multiple modes of action. HIV Glasgow 2016. Poster abstract P022.
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75. Link JO et al. Novel HIV PI with high resistance barrier and potential for unboosted QD oral dosing. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Late breaker abstract 433.
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76. Tse WC et al. Discovery of novel potent HIV capsid inhibitors with long-acting potential. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle, Washington. Oral abstract 38.
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77. Wu H et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting HIV fusion inhibitor albuvirtide in antiretroviral- experienced adults with HIV-1: interim 48-week results from the randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority TALENT study. HIV Glasgow 2016, 23-26 October. Oral abstract O336.
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78. Murphy R et al. Elsulfavirine as compared to efavirenz in combination with TDF/FTC: 48-week study. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Late breaker abstract 452LB.
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79. Bichko V et al. Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of elsulfavirine/VM1500A long acting injectable formulations. IAS 2017, 23-26 July, Paris. Poster abstract WEPEA0190.
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80. Mitchell ML et al. Novel non-catalytic site integrase inhibitor with improved resistance profile. CROI 2017, 13-16 February, Seattle. Poster abstract 434.
    http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/novel-non-catalytic-site-integrase-inhibitor-improved-resistance-profile
81. Scherrer D et al. Early evidence of antiviral activity & safety of ABX464 in HIV treatment-naïve patients. CROI 2016, February 22–25, Boston, Late breaker poster abstract 461LB.
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82. Differential efficacy of ABX464 and its primary metabolite ABX464-NGlc on HIV replication: implications for treatment strategies to eliminate viral reservoirs. HIV Glasgow, 23–26 October, 2016.
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83. Paredes R et al. ABX464 decreases total HIV DNA in PBMC´s when administered during 28 days to HIV-infected patients who are virologically suppressed. IAS 2017, 23-26 July, Paris. Poster abstract TULBPEB22.
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